Basement insulation

[edit] Introduction

Heat loss through the basement foundation accounts for 15% to 30% of the annual heat load in a two-story house. If you want to improve the energy performance of your home then you should start by air sealing and insulating. The attic can account for ~25% of a home’s total heat loss and the basement ~20%. A considerable energy saver is the insulation of the perimeter of the slab and can save 10% to 20% on heating bills.

In climates with mild winters, this saves $50 to $60/month for an 1800 sq–ft house using R–10 insulation. The cost for installation is $300 to $600 which gives a payback period of 5 to 10 years. Underground walls are assumed to have no infiltration. However, for aboveground walls in the winter the sensible heat loss due to infiltration are ~½ to 3 times the conduction heat loss. For cooling, in the summer, these infiltration losses are halved.

[edit] Types of insulation

There are many types of insulation, but the two main types are continuous and cavity. Continuous insulation, unlike cavity insulation, lies continuously alongside the structural members, so it’s unaffected by thermal bridging. Continuous insulation is generally foam board (i.e. rigid foam or insulating boards) made of either polystyrene (extruded or expanded), polyisocyanurate, or polyurethane material.

Cavity insulation is fitted between wood or metal structural members like studs, joists (including rim joists), and beams. It’s a blanket type that comes in either batts or rolls that are attached to the inside surface of walls. Rigid fiberboard (i.e. rigid fiber or fibrous board) consists of flexible fibers, most commonly fiberglass. Mineral wool (i.e. ROCKWOOL®), however, has a similar R-value and beats fiberglass as a fire retarder, it’s moisture resistant, and it’s more environmentally friendly.

There are three sections of the basement walls that need to be accounted for: the aboveground section; the belowground and above the frost line; and the belowground and below the frost line. As opposed to an outside wall exposed to a uniform outside air temperature, a belowground slab is exposed to the soil which varies in temperature depending on the depth from grade. The calculation of heat loss is more complicated, as the soil temperature varies depending on the season, climate, soil condition, the moisture content in the soil, the depth of the soil from grade, and whether there is snow on the ground.

[edit] Construction techniques

Construction techniques like cores in concrete blocks promote vertical convection of heat. This is beneficial but an 8–inch concrete wall without insulation has a low thermal resistance (R–1.11 & R–1.49 with air films) and warrants adding insulation.

For a 20′ x 30′ basement covered in a 2–inch beadboard (R–8), there is a 93% reduction in heat loss. Using 3.5–inch fiberglass batting (R–11) decreases the heat loss further to 95%. This type of insulation is used in warmer climates, but if the climate is colder, 4″ to 6″ (R–30) insulation is used. The addition of a reflective barrier to the wall adds 16% to the R-value and, if the air space is reflective, it adds 50%. Insulation placed on the interior of the exterior wall will give slightly different R-values.

For slab insulation at a 2–foot depth, an R-value that is more than R–20 is not justified because heat will go around the insulation. Also, insulating an 8–foot wall halfway down with R–10 is practically the same as insulating the 8–foot wall with R–5. With heating and cooling loads competing, this will provide earth coupling – less digging and insulation are needed.

[edit] Where to put the insulation

As for deciding where to put the insulation, it is less expensive to attach it to the exterior belowground because it can be left uncovered; as such, no fire retarder like 5/8–inch drywall is required. Secondly, the major air leak at the sill wall is prevented with a proper installation. Thirdly, the thermal mass remains available to the house for heating or cooling. Lastly, the foundation is protected from stresses caused by insulating.

Interior insulation prevents frost heaves from developing because the heat from the house is there to warm up the soil. Frost heaves are problematic for block and stone foundations that cannot resist lateral forces and spalling can occur. However, foam insulation and backfilling with clean granular fill can prevent cracking caused by freezing and thawing.

Avoiding the possibility of an unheated basement falling below the freezing point may be important regarding pipes freezing. Heat is added to the basement by furnaces and boilers which are in the basement. Water heaters and laundry equipment, a source of heat, can be in the basement as well. As a rule of thumb, the basement temperature should be halfway between the outside and inside temperatures. Moisture control is important, so mold or bacteria do not grow. In all but arid climates, a vapor barrier is installed on the warm side of the wall. The insulating material should not degrade structurally or thermally after long term exposure to the elements. The barrier is usually a thin sheet of PET plastic. The barrier prevents moisture from inside migrating into the wall where it condenses somewhere in the wall and greatly diminishes the R-values of the insulation and reflective barriers.

[edit] How to calculate heat gain/loss

When using a program (i.e. REScheck) to calculate the loss through a basement wall, at least 50% of the wall must be belowground. Basement walls that enclose heated spaces are part of the building envelope. The wall area should exclude windows and doors. For increased accuracy, the basement floor area should have the exterior wall thickness subtracted. An approximate method for calculating heat loss through a basement is given by the equation: qem = EF x U x A, where EF is a correction factor for a belowground wall and A is the area of the basement walls. Heat loss coefficients for aboveground basement walls are given as U–factors and belowground as F–factors [Btu / (hr–ft–°F)]. For the foundation, the heat loss is conducted away from the center out to the perimeter of the slab:

Qsc = F x P

• Qsc – slab edge transmission heat loss
• P – perimetre of the slab edge in linear feet
• F – transmission heat loss per linear foot of slab edge

[edit] References

1. Norton, Paul. "Types of Insulation". U.S. Department Of Energy. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/weatherize/insulation/types-insulation.
2. Berner, Mike, "Common Types of Insulation, and When to Use Them". https://www.familyhandyman.com/heating-cooling/common-types-of-insulation-and-when-to-use-them.
3. "Basement Heat Loss Guide". https://inspectapedia.com/Energy/Basement_Heat_Loss.php.
4. Bobenhausen, William. "Simplified Design of HVAC Systems”. Scholarly & Professional, Wiley, 1994.

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